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The Shu Roads (蜀道, Pinyin ''shǔdào'') was a system of mountain roads joining the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi and Sichuan, built and maintained since the 4th century BC. Technical highlights were the gallery roads, consisting of wooden planks erected on wooden or stone beams slotted into holes cut into the sides of cliffs. == Geography == The roads join three adjacent basins separated and surrounded by high mountains. The northern basin is called Guanzhong ("between the passes"). It is drained by the Yellow River. In ancient times it was the heart of the Qin state, nowadays it is the central region of Shaanxi. To the south it is bounded by the Qinling Mountains. South of that range is the Hanzhong basin, drained by the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze. The Hanzhong basin is divided from the Sichuan basin by mountain ranges called the Micang Shan (米倉山/米仓山, ''Mǐcāng Shān'', "Rice Granary Mountains") in the west and Daba Mountains in the east. The Sichuan basin and the Hanzhong basin both drain into the Yangtze River. Like many ancient road systems, the Shu Roads formed a network of major and minor roads with different roads being used at different historical times. However, a number of roads are commonly identified as the main routes. 〔Li, Zhiqin, Yan Shoucheng & Hu Ji (1986). ''Ancient records of the Shu Roads''. Xi’an, Northwest University Press. (In Chinese). 蜀道話古，李之勤，阎守诚，胡戟著，西安，西北大学出版社，1986 Shu dao hua gu, Li Zhiqin, Yan Shoucheng, Hu Ji zhu, Xi’an, Xibei Daxue Chubanshe, 1986 〕 There were five such main roads across the Qinling Mountains, counting from west to east: * Chencang Road (陈仓道, ''Chéncāngdào'') is named after the city of Chencang near present day Baoji, literally "Chen Granary". * Baoye Road (褒斜道, ''Bāoyédào''), often written "Baoxie Road",〔 In other context and in standard dictionaries, the character 斜 is normally spelled ''xié'', indeed: • Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Chinesisch • Das Neue Chinesisch-Deutsche Wörterbuch, ISBN 7-100-00096-3 〕 is named after two rivers, called Bāoshuǐ (褒水, "Praised Water") and Yéshuǐ (斜水, "Sloping Water"), nowadays called Shitou He (石头河). * Tangluo Road (傥骆道, ''Tǎngluòdào'') is named after the Camel Gorge (駱峪, ''Luòyù'') in the north and Tangshui River (儻水河, ''Tǎngshuǐ Hé'', "Unrestrained Waters River") in the south. * Ziwu Road (子午道, ''Zǐwǔdào'') is named after Ziwu (子午 "Midnight-Noon" or "Meridian") gorge. It went south from Chang’an and turned west at its southern junction with the main road to Hanzhong. * Kugu Road (库谷道, ''Kùgǔdào''), is named after the valley 库谷 (''Kùgǔ'', "Warehouse Valley") or 库峪 (''Kùyù'', "Warehouse Gorge"), which reached the Han River at today's Xunyang County (旬阳), where it turned west to reach the central part of the Hanzhong Basin. The Lianyun Road (连云道, ''Liányúndào'', "Cloud Linking Road") was a connection between the first two. Between Hanzhong and the Sichuan basin, there were three main Shu roads: * Jinniu Road (金牛道, ''Jīnniúdào'', "Golden Ox Road") also called the Shiniu Road (石牛道, ''Shíniúdào'', "Stone Cattle Road") to Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, and the ancient capital of the Shu state. * Micang Road (米仓道/米倉道, ''Mǐcāngdào'', "Rice Granary Road); in the region south of the Micang Mountains. From Bazhou, two routes are suggested, one to Chengdu and one to Chongqing, nowadays the largest city of the Basin. But in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, Chongqing had not yet been founded so the road to Chengdu seems to be the main Shu Road. * Yàngbā (洋巴道, ''Yángbādào'') - or Lychee Road (荔枝道, ''Lìzhīdào''), the easternmost road, ended east of Chongqing at Fuling (涪陵) on the Yangtze and was used originally in the Tang Period. Fuling was not situated in Shu State, but in the neighbouring Ba Federation. Today it belongs to Chongqing. The most used stretch of main road in recent times was the Great Post Road, or Great Road, that stretched from Beijing to Chengdu and was in operation from the Yuan Period to the Republican Period. Postal stations, rest stops and garrisons were established along the length of the road. Its Shu Road section was a composite. After Xi’an it used linking roads through the Guanzhong, then sections of the Chencang Road, the Lianyun Road, and the Baoye Road to reach the Han Basin. It then joined the Jinniu Road to Chengdu. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shu Roads」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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